Participatory diagnosis of the tourism sector in managing the crisis caused by the pandemic (COVID-19)
Resumen
COVID-19 pandemic has plunged the entire world into a crisis, that is causing aggressive changes in the world economic system, particularly of those immersed in tourism. This work identifies the strategies and groups of strategies that entrepreneurs and businessmen of the Manta - Ecuador tourism sector need for their businesses survival. For the information gathering, a questionnaire with open-ended questions was applied and disseminated with the help of the local government, through mailing and WhatsApp groups of registered associations. A response was obtained from 48% of the establishments registered in the city. The qualitative information collected was processed by using the Atlas Ti software, which resulted in the identification of 14 codes (strategies) that were classified into two codes groups (strategies groups). The strategies have different relationships; therefore, they are addressed to two groups, the first one implies actions that should be performed by authorities to improve the city's tourism management model and the second one, actions specific to the sector for the improvement of the health and bio-security processes in tourist establishments.
Keywords: COVID-19, tourism, resilience, pandemics.
RESUMEN
La pandemia del COVID- 19 ha sumergido al mundo entero en una crisis, la cual está provocando profundos cambios en el sistema económico mundial, inmersos en ellos la actividad turística. El presente documento identifica las estrategias y grupos de estrategias que necesitan los empresarios del sector turístico de Manta – Ecuador para la supervivencia. Para realizar el levantamiento de información, se utilizó un cuestionario con preguntas de respuestas abiertas y de selección múltiple, el mismo fue difundido con la ayuda del gobierno local, mediante mailing y grupos de WhatsApp de las asociaciones catastradas. Se obtuvo respuesta del 48% de los establecimientos catastrados en la ciudad. El contenido informativo cualitativo fue procesado mediante el software Atlas Ti dando como resultado la identificación de 14 códigos
(estrategias) y fueron encasillados en dos grupos de códigos (grupo de estrategias). Las estrategias tienen diversas relaciones, por ello están orientadas por una parte al primer grupo (acciones de las autoridades), a mejorar el modelo de gestión turística de la ciudad y en el grupo dos (acciones propias del sector), a la mejora de los procesos de salud y bio seguridad en los establecimientos turísticos.
Palabras clave: COVID-19, turismo, resiliencia, pandemias.
Received: 2020-04-30 Accepted for publication: 2020-05-30 Published: 2020-06-30
Palabras clave
Texto completo:
PDF (English)Referencias
África Research Bulletin. (2014). Political Social and Cultural Series, 51(11), 1-7.
Arrazola, M. P., Serrano, A., & López-Vélez, R. (2016). Vaccination for international travelers. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica, 34(5), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2016.01.009
Autonomous and Decentralized Government GAD of the canton of Manta. (2019). Territorial development and planning plan with special emphasis on risk management, Manta canton. Retrieved from Gobierno Autónomo y Descentralizado GAD del cantón Manta website: https://www.manta.gob.ec/index.php/publico/pdot-2014-2019?download=3596:PDYOT GAD MANTA F
Avraham, E. (2013). Crisis Communication , Image Restoration , and Battling Stereotypes of Terror and Wars : Media Strategies for Attracting Tourism to Middle Eastern Countries. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213487733
Avraham, E. (2016). Destination marketing and image repair during tourism crises: The case of Egypt. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.04.004
Avraham, E. (2018). Nation branding and marketing strategies for combatting tourism crises and stereotypes toward destinations. Journal of Business Research, (February), 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.036
Basurto-Cedeño, E. M., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2018). An Applied Destination Resilience Model. Tourism Review International, 22(3), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427218x15369305779092
Birkland, T., Pannapa, H., Little, R., & Wallace, W. (2006). The Thailand Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina : A Preliminary Assessment of Their Impact and Meaning in Global Tourism. In Rutgers university (Ed.), The future of disasters in a globalizating world .
Cortés, M. (2019). Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): the importance of being alert to zoonoses. Medical University Journal of Antioquia,1–13. https://doi.org/.1037//0033-2909.I26.1.78
Crouch, G., & Ritchie, J. (1999). Tourism, Competitiveness, and Societal Prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3
Cruz, M., & López, E. (2016). Is there a Canarian tourist model? (First Ed; V. de R. with the S. of the U. of L. L. / C. of T. CajaCanarias-Ashotel-ULL, Ed.). CANARIAS: PROMOTUR TURISMO CANARIAS, S.A.
Dávila, M., Arambu, C., Morte, S., Vera, I., Inglesias, M., & González, Ó. (2010). Border control and surveillance. Role of external health during the containment phases of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Spanish Journal of Public Health, 84, 507–516. Retrieved from https://scielosp.org/article/ssm/content/raw/?resource_ssm_path=/media/assets/resp/v84n5/colaboracion4.pdf
De Sausmarez, N. (2004). Crisis Management for the Tourism Sector: Preliminary Considerations in Policy Development. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 1 (2), 157-172.
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators. Current Issues in Tourism Destination, 6(5), 369–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962
Evans, N. & Elphik, S. (2005). Models of Crisis Management and Evaluation of their Value Strategic Planning in the International Travel Industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7, 135-150.
Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00048-0
Félix, A., Campos, S., Martí, J., & Ramos, M. (2017). Recovery of post-earthquake tourist destinations: review of the Ecuador case. Venezuelan Journal of Management, 80, 638–657.
Guardia, F. (2020). What is the impact of epidemics on the world economy? Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.ey.com/es_ec/future-health/impacto-de-las-enfermedades-en-la-economia-mundial
Jamal, T., & Budke, C. (2020). Tourism in a world with pandemics: local-global responsibility and action. Journal of Tourism Futures, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-02-2020-0014
Ledermann, W. (2003). Man and his epidemics throughout history. Chilean Journal of Infectology, 20, 13–17. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182003020200003
Leggat, P. A., Brown, L. H., Aitken, P., & Speare, R. (2010). Level of concern and precaution taking among australians regarding travel during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results from the 2009 Queensland social survey. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17(5), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00445.x
Lima, L. (2013). Impacts of sun and beach tourism in the southern coast of Sergipe, Brazil. Tourism Studies and Prospects, 22, 526–545.
López-Guzmán, T., Borges, O., & López, J. M. (2012). Analysis of tourism supply and demand on the island of Sal, Cape Verde. Rosa Dos Ventos, 4(4), 469–485.
Maphanga, P. M., & Henama, U. S. (2019). The tourism impact of ebola in Africa: Lessons on crisis management. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(3).
Marzo-Navarro, M. (2017). Development of integrated rural tourism from the perspective of residents: proposed model. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Heritage.15(4), 841–859.
National Secretariat for Planning and Development of Ecuador. (2015). Zonal Agenda ZONE 4-Pacific. Retrieved from http://www.planificacion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2015/11/Agenda-zona-4.pdf
Oehmichen, C., & París Pombo, M. (2010). Fear of global risk: Notes on the emergence of the a / H1N1 virus and tourism. Journal of New Trends in Anthropology, (1), 8.
Paraskevas, A., & Altinay, L. (2013). Signal detection as the first line of defence in tourism crisis management. Tourism Management, 34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.007
Pennington-Gray, L.; Cahyanto, I.; Cahyanto, B.; Thapa, B.; McLaughlin, E.; Willming, C. y Blair, S. (2010). Destination Management Organizations and Tourism Crisis Management Plans in Florida. Tourism Review International, 13, 247-261.
Pulido, J. I., & López, Y. (2013). Sustainable strategic management of tourist destinations. Seville: International University of Andalusia, Publications Service.
Reinoso, N. (2017). Management model to promote tourist development of the Manabitian communities, Ecuador. CULTUR - Journal of Culture and Tourism, 11(2), 81–108.
Reinoso, N., & Quintero, Y. (2018). Sun and beach product for the tourist development of the Municipality of Trinidad de Cuba. Inter-American Journal of Environment and Tourism. (RIAT), 14(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-235x2018000100052
Ritchie, B. W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: A strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.004
Ritchie, J., & Crouch, G. (2010). A model of destination competitiveness/ sustainability : Brazilian perspectives. Public Administration Review (RAP), 44(5), 1049–1066.
Rivera, M., & Félix, Á. (2019). Strategic planning and governance in the recovery of touristic destinations affected by unnatural disasters. State of the question. Revista Investigaciones Geográficas, 72.
Rodríguez-Morales, A. J., Gallego, V., Escalera-Antezana, J. P., Méndez, C. A., Zambrano, L. I., Franco-Paredes, C., … Cimerman, S. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America: The implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 101613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101613
Rodríguez-Morales, A.J., MacGregor, K., Kanagarajah, S,, Patel, D. & Schlagenhauf, P. (2019). Going global - Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease; 33:101578.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) (2008). Disaster Risk Management for Coastal Tourism Destinations Responding to Climate Change. A Practical Guide for Decision Makers. Washington: UNEP.
United Nations Development and Environment Programs (UNDP-UNEP) (2008). Panorama of the environmental impact of recent natural disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington: UNDP-UNEP.
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). (2020). World Tourism Barometer (Vol. 18). Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/wtobarometeresp.2020.18.1.1
UNWTO. (2020a). World Tourism Barometer (Vol. 18). Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/wtobarometeresp.2020.18.1.1
UNWTO. (2020b). Joint Declaration on Tourism and covid-19, UNWTO and WHO call for accountability and coordination. on: https://www.unwto.org/es/news/covid-19-omt-oms-llamamiento-a-la-responsabilidad-y-la-coordinacion.
UNWTO. (2020c). Covid-19: setting people first. Tourist sector and covid-19. on: https://www.unwto.org/es/turismo-covid-19.
UNWTO. (2020d) UNWTO Declaration on the Outbreak of the New Coronavirus. January 31, 2020, on: https://www.unwto.org/es/declaracion-de-la-omt-sobre-el-brote-del-nuevo-coronavirus.
UNWTO. (2020e). COVID-19: UNWTO calls for tourism to be included in recovery plans. On: https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-03/nr%20-%20covid19_es.pdf
UNWTO. (2020f). UNWTO Convenes a World Crisis Committee for Tourism. March 20, 2020, en: https://www.unwto.org/es/omt-convoca-un-comite-mundial-de-crisis-para-el-turismo.
UNWTO. (2020g). UNWTO: International tourist arrivals may drop 20-30% in 2020. March 27, 2020, on: https://www.unwto.org/es/news/omt-las-llegadas-de-turistas-internacionales-podrian-caer-2020.
UNWTO. (2020h). UNWTO launches a call to action for the mitigation of the impact of COVID-19 on Tourism and Recovery of the Sector. April 1, 2020,en: https://unwto.org/es/news/apoyo-al-empleo-y-a-la-economia-a-traves-de-los-viajes-y-el-turismo.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2020). WHO advice on international travel and trade related to the outbreak of pneumonia caused by a new coronavirus in China, January 10, 2020, on: https://www.who.int/ith/2020-0901_outbreak_of_Pneumonia_caused_by_a_new_coronavirus_in_C/es/
Wilks, J. y Moore, S. (2003). Tourism Risk Management for the Asia Pacific Region: An Authoritative Guide for Managing Crises and Disasters. Singapur: PATA y APEC.
Zeng, B., Carter, R. W., & De Lacy, T. (2005). Short-term perturbations and tourism effects: The case of SARS in China. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 306–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500508668220
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-235X2020000100066
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.
Esta Revista es Editada por la Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Talca, CHILE, 2 Norte 685, Talca. E_mail: acerda@utalca.cl o riat@utalca.cl - http://riat.utalca.cl